The Gravity of the situation

    I've been reading a huge amount of miscellaneous verbiage on the subject of gravity.  Is there a graviton? Is gravity such that it can travel? Are there, or can there be, gravity waves?  My head hurts.

    I'm going to suggest that Gravity is the result of the local topography/topology of the universe itself.  Follow me here.  If the Universe were to be empty, and yet exist, (I know it can't "There is no space without field." [Albert Einstein]) but if it were to be, as a thought experiment.  The Surface could be thought of as 'flat'. that is it would be such that a photon would travel from one end to the other without deviation from a straight path.  If, then, you placed a single atom at its 'center', the entire surface would distort.  Equilibrium would have been disturbed and the distortion would continue asymptotically toward zero from the point of intersection of the atom.  Every object having mass would produce the same effect, with variations caused by the amount of mass.  A 'black hole' then becomes that place where the amount of mass is so great that the 'surface' is drawn into a single point.  I will not speculate on the nature of the space within the collapsed area, save to note that the neutrinos therein would be compressed, and, acting as a superfluid, would expand the space. Since the space is uniformly curved, gravity would not manifest and the matter therein would expand to fill the void.  

    Meanwhile, back in the 'Normal' universe, there would be a component of gravity which is invisible to normal measure, that being the action of the 'force' over interstellar distances, coming from the tiniest bit of matter.  Since the distortion is in one direction, gravity would only be 'positive', with all distortions additive.  The 'black hole' then becomes necessary to the existence of a galaxy, since it creates a 'pit' in which the stars rotate uniformly about the central depression.  The expansion of the Universe then becomes a case of 'point of observation' with the farthest objects moving faster than the nearer ones, since the light from them left millions, or billions, of years ago, at a time when the expansion was more rapid.  It would become necessary to examine space itself, to see if the expansion was accelerating or constant.  Dark Matter and energy would not be needed to support this model, inasmuch as the state of the Universe would be determined by a force of gravity much more powerful than is now supposed.  (orders of magnitude at least)  The explanation of why we measure gravity as we do would then relate to the dilation of time, an object falling within a gravity well would appear to fall normally, but to an objective observer it would fall much more rapidly.  The distortion of space then becomes exponentially greater, so that space is highly distorted, even in the most 'empty' of regions, because of the distortion which bands outward from every single bit of matter.  It would mean that any observation of the cosmos would have to be adjusted for the 'bend' in space/time, because light would follow myriad distortions on its way from there to here.  While juxtaposition would not vary, the entire view would be 'wrong', and distant objects might be in completely different locations.  Cosmology would have to be adjusted to compensate for this.  Astrophysics would need to reevaluate almost every premise based on distant observations.  

    Having given the matter some thought, I'll just leave the research on Gravity to those who are doing it.  The line of reasoning I followed caused more of a headache than they do.

The Magic of Flight

MDH powered flightsuit

On the order of a disclaimer, while the following is factual, problems exist in the production of a wearable suit, with expandable wings that allows unfettered flight.  No such suit has ever, to my knowledge, been proposed.  If such a device were engineered, it would produce a soldier of legendary proportions, who could fly to and from battle, attack from the air,and due to the suit being fashioned of a graphene-boron nanocomposite, would be extremely hard to damage. The chitin matrix of graphene and boron, with added photovoltaic properties, (as described below) has not even been created, although the prerequisite substances exist.  So, if you want to create the 'next big thing' in warfare, please feel free to use this as a proposal. Just remember, an engineer or two is going to hate you very much for this undertaking.

    If you ionize air, using dielectric discharge plasma, it will function as a suitable fluid for an engine.  The magnetic fields can be supplied by superconducting magnets, thereby creating a 'bladeless' air movement system.  If the amount of air moved prove large enough, we have an aircraft who's actual engine has no moving parts and is powered electrically.

   In the presence of crossed electric and magnetic fields, charged particles in a plasma experience a drift in the  ${\bf E}\;\times \;{\bf B}$ direction. Their transport in the direction parallel to the electric field is hindered by their gyration around magnetic field lines, giving rise to classical collision-driven transport, proportional to  $1/{{B}^{2}}$., however, the fluid plasma description should ignore a (potentially large) contribution to the cross-field mobility, resulting from energy-position correlation of magnetized particles, along their gyro-orbits.  The dynamics of plasmas interacting with external and self-generated magnetic fields are studied in the academic discipline of magnetohydrodynamics.

  That being said, The physics equation describing Magnetohydrodynamic drive is Fmag = I (L × B) where L is the vector in the direction of the current 'I' and its length is the distance the current travels, B is the magnetic field, and × denotes the cross product.  MHD is attractive because it has no moving parts, which means that a good design might be silent, reliable, and efficient. Additionally, the MHD design eliminates many of the wear and friction pieces of the drivetrain with a directly driven propeller by an engine. By using surface dielectric barrier discharge, the microdischarges are generated on the surface of the dielectric, which results in a more homogeneous plasma than is achieved by other methods. With the advent of flexible conductors, (conducting yarn) it now becomes feasible to construct MHD air movers within the surface of an ultra-light wing, thereby allowing powered flight of a 'suit-like' environment.

    Air is an excellent insulator until it breaks down into plasma at electric field strengths above 30 kilovolts per centimeter. Once it becomes a plasma, like all gas plasma, for most purposes, the conductivity may be treated as infinite.  Systems are available that catalytically ionize air and emit an environmentally benign plasma stream.   A high-voltage low-current arc discharge in the transverse air flow of atmospheric pressure can be a source of strong non-isothermal plasma with a high level of ionization  The superconducting magnets catch the plasma as it expands. The plasma is caught by the electromagnetic fields. These fields, created by the magnetic coils, propel the plasma, so that the nozzle of the magnetic field generates a thrust and plasma is propelled away from the generator. This force will give an opposite but equal reaction propelling the wing surface. By orienting the nozzle effect above the wing, the air pressure there will drop and the pressure below the wing will create additional lift for the apparatus.

   High-energy electron beams represent the most energy-efficient way of creating ionization in cold gas. High-energy beam electrons collisionally ionize atoms and

molecules with very high probability, and secondary electrons would cause additional ionization. This creates a cascade of electrons is as the beam slows down in the gas.  The net effect is approximately one ionized molecule or atom for every Yi = 35 eV lost by the beam. This ionization cost is something like 2-3 times greater than the ionization energy of air molecules.  For high electron energies, ionization cross sections increase when the incident electron energy decreases, beams injected from the sidewall generate higher ionization inside the channel than near the wall. This means that the problem of short-circuiting through the hot, highly conductive, boundary layer, limiting performance of conventional MHD devices, is minimized in devices with electron beam ionization.  As it happens, plasmas with externally sustained ionization are inherently more stable than those of self-sustained non equilibrium discharges. This is because ionization generated by electron beams is essentially decoupled from both temperature and electric field.  If there be a local positive fluctuation in temperature, the kinds that leads to arcing instability in self-sustained discharges, it simply results in reduced ionization by electron beams and reduced local heating, stabilizing the plasma. If we use a Hall generator configuration, the plasma in both accelerator and power generator channels is consists of electrons, positive and negative ions.   plasma velocity  differs from the gas velocity  due to the ion slip effect.  Because of the quasi-neutrality, there is a single electron-ion, of plasma velocity, in the reference frame. Hall parameters in the boundary layer would be quite high (up to 30-50) impeding electron mobility across magnetic field and thereby substantially increasing the voltage required for breakdown and sustaining arcs  thermal ionization is negligible, and electrical conductivity is controlled by e-beams, as in the core flow.  If arcing should occur, for whatever reason, it would have less of an effect on the performance of Hall generators, where there already is a large longitudinal current, than on the performance of the Faraday channels currently used in MHD devices.   Use of a leading edge plasma, at high velocity, will increase the Hall effect, and thereby make the wing more efficient,  In addition, a leading edge plasma will reduce the drag on the unit, leading to a lower loading velocity for the wing.  This translates into rapid deployment and quick altitude attainment.  Inasmuch as the needed power is only that required to overcome the sink rate of the unit, the wing surface can be impregnated with a solar conversion fiber, which will provide some additional functionality to the wing itself.

    Synthesis of nanocrystalline CIGSSe and CZTSSe solar absorbers via highly scalable solution-based processes produces versatile nanoparticle inks that can be uniformly coated on almost any surface—including flexible substrates.

  A new nanotube fiber, with properties that don’t exist in any other material, that has a conducting fiber looking like black cotton thread but behaving like both metal wires and strong carbon fibers  has been invented.  With the use of this fiber, coated for photovoltaic production, and MHD technology, it should be possible to create a compact foldable wing system that allows flight for an individual over reasonably long distances without reliance on chemical fuel. The lowest weight lithium ion batteries, have a mass of 330 mg. A battery bank, rechargeable, with battery capacity of 300 Watt-hours, weighs only 5 pounds.  With photovoltaic assist, this unit could remain in the air for as long as needed.  The efficiency of these engines will be dependant on the exhaust velocity, since F=MA, that means the greater the velocity of the air,  the greater the acceleration at the same mass.  Air at high velocities produces more thrust than slower speeds for the same quantity of air. Exhaust velocities should exceed 100 m/sec for the tiny jets envisioned.

   As I have often said, no single person understands a computer, and more than that, I seriously doubt that there is anyone who even understands everything about even something that is considered ordinary,, a smart phone, an Ipad, or even a Kindle.  This having been said, what can we infer?
    The motion of charges and "Spaces", (the empty spaces left when a charge moves)  is at least partially governed by quantum superposition.  The movement of energy in a transistor is possibly multi dimensional.  A magician simply has to know that the exact structure and composition, from a sub-atomic viewpoint, cannot be known, not even for the most stable of items.  The more stable the substance, the harder it becomes to effect it.  This is why the myths and fables of magic always mention that 'cold iron' is proof against magic.  Magicians of ancient times who could work with cold iron were very rare, since it requires the most energy.  Exactly what those magicians could do, is the subject of speculation and possibly fantasy, since over the ensuing millennium the processes and methodology have been lost. 
   To say that what the ancients did and what we do constitute different methods is to forget that Sciencia was the word which led to Science, and was often used to refer to knowledge itself.  It was also often used to mean magic.  A magic spell was simply written instructions for a procedure.  Since almost no one could read, in ancient times, 'spells' were thought to be arcane in nature.(Even if it was simply a phylactery of the herbs needed to compile a  preparation useful for the task at hand.)  Since poisons and various natural drugs were often in the repertoire of a commercial magician (someone making a living from herbal knowledge and simple chemical processes) The books employed by him/her would be lumped together as all evil, and burned.  In this manner, much of the early experimentation was lost.  
   Legend has it that the Muslim conquest, when the followers of Muhammad went forth and slaughtered everyone not muslim, was a time when much of the knowledge accrued by Magicians was stolen or lost altogether.  Counting, the concept of zero, and what is now algebra have been accredited to Magus, but in legend only.  It is certain that advanced engineering was the property of the Magi, since it came to Leonardo da vinci and everyone knows what he did with it.  The Maga, (female Magicians) have long used advanced knowledge in clandestine ways, since women have been oppressed since before recorded civilization.  Magus and Maga come from the ancient Greek, and are handy labels because they're easily recognizable.  Methodios, the ancient Greek, who was either named for methodology or created it, was familiar with the work of Archimedes and may have assisted in the creation of some of the equipment used to repel the Romans for over a decade.  It is more of Legend that both were Magicians, or Magus, as were the "Eastern Kings" who came to the birth of Christ.  
    History records hints and suggestions of the "Order of Magicians" but no definitive proof of their existence can be provided.  Members of the Order will say that this is deliberate, since groups like the Magi were often persecuted by various governments and sometimes forbidden under pain of death. Whatever the truth, the organization exists today, and is devoted to knowledge, without preconception.  Stubblefield, Tesla, Jefferson, and even Franklin are among the names associated with the group, and Da Vinci, takes the trail backward.  
The ancient Magi may have been a hereditary priesthood of the Medes (known today as the Kurds) credited with profound and extraordinary religious knowledge. After some Magi, who had been attached to the Median court, proved to be expert in the interpretation of dreams, Darius the Great established them over the state religion of Persia. (Contrary to popular belief, the Magi were never all followers of Zoroaster. That was ascribed to them later.)  It was in this dual capacity, whereby civil and political counsel was invested with religious authority, that the Magi became the supreme priestly caste of the Persian empire and continued to be prominent during the subsequent Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian periods. Daniel, of Biblical Fame, was the Head of the Magi when the incident with the Lions Den occurred.
    When the disaster of the Persian empire occurred, the Magi learned that they needed to be clandestine, in order to survive. According to Wikipedia, "Many classic works of antiquity that might otherwise have been lost were translated into Arabic and Persian and later in turn translated into Turkish, Hebrew, and Latin.[5] They assimilated, synthesized, and advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, Chinese, Egyptian, and Phoenician civilizations.[5]"  This occurred during the Muslim Empire, when any knowledge that could be stolen, acquired by torture, or found in a book, was considered valuable and taken.  The Muslims were no worse nor better than any other fifth or sixth century empire, but the Magi eventually learned to avoid them because of the "Forced Conversion" doctrine.  
    Now that the history of the Magi has been explored, you will perhaps understand, gentle reader, why the term Magician is not precisely as you might have believed.  Magicians do not accept the standard rules of Science, such as the Standard Models which are used to provide a framework for current research.   My own current topic of exploration involves the existence of more than four 'normal' dimensions, (Time, Height, Width, Length)  which may co-exist with what we normally perceive.  The existence of multiple dimensions can be postulated using already existing data. Particles which appear to travel faster than light could be moving Trans-dimensionally, that is not through all of the space which we perceive.  Neutrinos, which should have no mass, may indeed be massless,, if they spin through multiple dimensions, and thus appear to change 'flavors' even though no actual change is occurring.  Some, or most, of the data which is ascribed to experimental error could also be accounted for by postulation of movement through multiple dimensions.  This possibility fascinates me, as it leads to a basic premise from what I already know.
   If there are multiple dimensions, and the mind is connected to space/time via quantum entanglement, then the action of neurons may be able to elicit a reaction in disassociated space that has a real effect on the fabric of space/time.   It then becomes possible to change the state of a particle without direct visible interaction.  If the practitioner is sufficiently skilled, a vast number of particles could be thus effected, causing some visible effect at a distance. (spooky action) Given that possibility magic becomes the manipulation of quantum states via the entanglement of the mind in the actual quantum matrix.  The more practice and knowledge gained the greater the effect, whether temperature, plasma generation, condensation, or simple motion.  Oddly enough these effects could be canceled by another person who was aware of their impending occurrence and acted to interfere. (IE: "Why can't you do it when I'm watching?"  -answer- "Because you're using your own power to stop me!" )
  This is as far as I will go in the description of Magic, what it is and the Power it represents.  It requires no belief, although belief can give you power, and it is independent of human interaction, even though we can perceive it only through interaction.  If you decide to explore it,,,good luck, the truth is out there.
    

VRay- (not x ray, or sunray or light ray or even cosmic ray)

The Physics of Relaxation

The Physics of Relaxation    

Newton stated "Every body perseveres in its state of being at rest or of moving uniformly straight forward, except insofar as it is compelled to change its state by force impressed."  When we realize that, in the absolute sense, nothing is at rest except to an observer who is moving in the same frame of reference, we begin to see that everything is in constant motion relative to something.  An example would be to say that a meteorite comes hurtling through space and crashes into the Earth. Or another accurate description is that the Earth and the Solar System came rushing through the space/time continuum and collided with a meteorite.

    We can only test what we observe, "a body in motion tends to stay in that motion until altered." We cannot assume "a body at rest tends to stay at rest." Because we cannot create at this time something at rest in the universe.  Even if we could create such an impossible item, the expanding universe would move with respect to it, imparting relative motion instantly.  It follows that an object at rest will instantly acquire motion as the universe expands with respect to it.

    Motion without force applied is then a certainty, inasmuch as the universe is constantly expanding and imparting motion to everything within it. This only applies to an observer within the Universe, an observer in the Multiverse would see the Universe in motion and the object at rest. This leads to the observation that to that external observer, an object which was acted upon by a force that caused it to cease to move with respect to the multiverse would then have come to rest, even though to an observer within the Universe it would have begun to move.

   Now we see that all motion is relative and Newton's Laws are simply an explanation of motion without respect to the point of observation.  Motion is a vector and Force is seen to be different than we supposed. If we allow the existence of more dimensions than we normally perceive we can only come to one conclusion.  Objects can, and will, move without the application of Force as the point of observation is altered.  An object we perceive to be stationary is in motion with respect to time and space, the observer who is moving will see this easily.  If an observer is within a different dimensional framework, that observation may show motion along another dimensional axis, one which we cannot see.

    This could explain "spooky action at a distance" if the item observed was at rest within a dimension we cannot perceive. An example would be a particle of light, at rest in the sixth dimension, moving across space while entangled with another particle of light, also at rest in the sixth dimension. When one was polarized the other would also be, due to the fact that they are at rest in another dimension and actions on either are actually actions upon both.  This implies that multiple dimensions exist, since we can see the effects indirectly. Subatomic particles which have spin probably move through multiple dimensions as they rotate,
giving them properties which seem to indicate multiple types of particles since the observed properties of any particle would depend upon its dimensional orientation.

  Inasmuch as Neutrinos have only spin, this makes them the perfect particle to analyze with respect to this proposition.  They seem to exist in multiple flavors, caused by the type of decay leading to their creation.  If the decay process simply causes the neutrino to become apparent with a different dimensional perspective, then there is only one particle and the difference in properties is caused by observation, not an indication of more than one particle.  The problem is that as the orientation of the particle changes due to spin, it should seem to become another 'flavor' so that any neutrino would 'cycle' through all flavors as
it moved through space.  Such changes in orientation would also be reflected in speed of motion and perhaps direction, depending on the properties of the dimensions through which they rotate.  Since the aforementioned dimensions have not been explored, and further the properties are completely unknown, the exact parameters of change with respect to subatomic particles can only be theoretical and therefore probably wrong.  It is even possible that these unobserved dimensions are equal or superior to the ones we perceive and produce effects that we interpret incorrectly due to our not knowing of their existence.

   The point of all this involved rhetoric is to show that, when I am sitting on my couch in my living room, I am not moving. I am at rest and the rest of the universe is moving with respect to me. My observational framework and dimensional orientation are such that unless force is applied to me, I shall not move. Now go away and let me rest.

...

   The following is a set of quotations from various webpages on physics that illustrate how different the classical view is from the view I take.

   "In dimensional analysis, a dimensionless quantity or quantity of dimension one is a quantity without an associated physical dimension. It is thus a "pure" number, and as such always has a dimension of 1. {one what?}
    Dimensionless quantities are widely used in mathematics, physics, engineering, economics, and in everyday life (such as in counting).
Numerous well-known quantities, such as π, e, and φ, are dimensionless. By contrast, non-dimensionless quantities are measured in units of length, area, time, etc.  Dimensionless quantities are often defined as products or ratios of quantities that are not dimensionless, but whose dimensions cancel out when their powers are multiplied. This is the case, for instance, with the engineering strain, a measure of deformation. It is defined as change in length, divided by initial length, but since these quantities both have dimensions L (length), the result is a dimensionless quantity. {Strain is therefore a product of unperceived dimensions}

   When viscous dissipation effects are important in duct flows the Brinkman number is widely used to quantify the relationship between the heat generated by dissipation and the heat exchanged at the wall. For Newtonian laminar fully developed pipe flow the use of the classical expression for this dimensionless group is appropriate, but under different conditions, it can lead to misleading conclusions, such as when comparing flows through different cross-section ducts, flow regimes, and mainly non-Newtonian flows. {Dissipation is thus multi-dimensional as well}

   The Reynolds Number, the non-dimensional velocity, can be defined as the ratio of the inertia force (ρ u L) and the viscous or friction force (μ) and interpreted as the ratio of twice the dynamic pressure (ρ u2) and the shearing stress (μ u / L) and can be expressed as

Re = (ρ u2) / (μ u / L)

    = ρ u L / μ

    = u L / ν      


   As an object moves through the atmosphere, the gas molecules of the atmosphere near the object are disturbed and move around the object. Aerodynamic forces are generated between the gas and the object. The magnitude of these forces depend on the shape of the object, the speed of the object, the mass of the gas going by the object and on two other important properties of the gas; the viscosity, or stickiness, of the gas and the compressibility, or springiness, of the gas. To properly model these effects, aerodynamicists use similarity parameters which are ratios of these effects to other forces present in the problem.   Aerodynamic forces depend in a complex way on the viscosity of the gas. As an object moves through a gas, the gas molecules stick to the surface. This creates a layer of air near the surface, called a boundary layer, which, in effect, changes the shape of the object. The flow of gas reacts to the edge of the boundary layer as if it was the physical surface of the object. To make things more confusing, the boundary layer may separate from the body and create an effective shape much different from the physical shape. And to make it even more confusing, the flow conditions in and near the boundary layer are often unsteady (changing in time). The boundary layer is very important in determining the drag of an object. To determine and predict these conditions, aerodynamicists rely on wind tunnel testing and very sophisticated computer analysis.
    The important similarity parameter for viscosity is the Reynolds number. The Reynolds number expresses the ratio of inertial (resistant to change or motion) forces to viscous (heavy and gluey) forces. From a detailed analysis of the momentum conservation equation, the inertial forces are characterized by the product of the density r times the velocity V times the gradient of the velocity dV/dx. The viscous forces are characterized by the dynamic viscosity coefficient mu times the second gradient of the velocity d^2V/dx^2. The Reynolds number Re then becomes:

Re = (r * V * dV/dx) / (mu * d^2V/dx^2)

The gradient of the velocity is proportional to the velocity divided by a length scale L. Similarly, the second derivative of the velocity is proportional to the velocity divided by the square of the length scale. Then:

Re = (r * V * V/L) / (mu * V / L^2)

Re = (r * V * L) / mu

The Reynolds number is a dimensionless number. High values of the parameter (on the order of 10 million) indicate that viscous forces are small and the flow is essentially inviscid. The Euler equations can then be used to model the flow. Low values of the parameter (on the order of 1 hundred) indicate that viscous forces must be considered.   The Reynolds number can be further simplified by using the kinematic viscosity nu that is equal to the dynamic viscosity divided by the density:
nu = mu / r
Re = V * L / nu

    All of this leads us to the realization that Singularities, or Black Holes, exude energy via their interaction with dimensions we do not perceive directly, Hawking energy notwithstanding. Because V is greater than C {the universal constant} the length scale can be small given that the density is virtually absolute.  Energy must be exuded because neutrinos cannot be compressed, being a superfluid under spacetime contraction, and thus must escape somehow.

Possible Magic particles in a mundane world.

Neutrinos why are they?

To learn the what of neutrinos go here to learn the rest of the neutrino story (insofar as it exist) try this one. 

   When we think of this little object, which cannot be compressed (it acts as a super-fluid under those circumstances) we have to remember that we don't know the nature of the universe around us.  If the Universe be a multidimensional environment, with various trans-dimensional perspectives, then the decay of Leptons may be related to the dimensional orientation of the particle. (see this link to read about Lepton Decay ) This makes the existence of three types of neutrinos a subject of debate, due to the fact that they may simply be different manifestations of a single particle which appears different due to its orientation among the various dimensions.   A Muon may have a long lifespan when in a different set of dimensions and only decay when it enters what we call 'normal space'.  The Tau would have the same lifespan, being short-lived only when we can perceive it.

    This opens up a whole different can of worms, because if the particles can exist in different orientations, then neutrinos can, and probably do, rotate through different orientations as they move.  This would cause them to appear to change flavor as they move, even though they are simply being observed in a different combination of dimensions.  This would cause the observer to see the particle moving at different velocities even though its motion is constant and it is the dimensional environment which is changing as it spins.  Neutrinos would sometimes be slower to arrive, sometimes faster and sometimes appear to violate the speed of light.  This would change the number of particles which exist, since the antimatter and matter states might be the only true variation in particulate properties, with differences in Mass and Charge being produced dimensionally.

    In closing this note I will quote one of the aforementioned sources, " It is thought that the neutrinos actually oscillate between the different "flavors" after being emitted from the sun as electron-neutrinos. "  My treatise explains this and allows the particle to remain 'massless'.

Are Computers Magic?

If you want to find out just how little you know about what really goes on with computers, try this page, http://geeks.pirillo.com/profile/TheOtherHawk  .  Otherwise, like me you can continue to consider the actual workings of computers as covered by this quotation. "Any technology, sufficiently advanced, is indistinguishable from magic."  

   If one considers Magic to be the secret method used by the initiated to manipulate reality and the world in general, computers are very much magic, to those of us who are not fully cognizant of the inner workings.  I doubt seriously if anyone knows very much about all the facets of the IT world, there is simply too much information for one person to learn.  Hardware, programming languages, Protocols, Network structure, Various attempts to make the internet and Networks in general, secure, and many other things, from data storage to database management, and all the programs that reside in cyberspace.  Image creation and modification, documents and presentations, videos, sound, and a host of other applications are all mysterious in their own way.  Who can say what things arise when even a single bit error will change an entire document or picture? Program fragments become viruses and Malware goes astray.  One could almost say that there are evil beings in cyberspace which conspire to destroy the virtual world.  It is like a novel of fiction or the very old movie "Tron". because we all have an idea what is going on, but few of us really know.