The Gravity of the situation

    I've been reading a huge amount of miscellaneous verbiage on the subject of gravity.  Is there a graviton? Is gravity such that it can travel? Are there, or can there be, gravity waves?  My head hurts.

    I'm going to suggest that Gravity is the result of the local topography/topology of the universe itself.  Follow me here.  If the Universe were to be empty, and yet exist, (I know it can't "There is no space without field." [Albert Einstein]) but if it were to be, as a thought experiment.  The Surface could be thought of as 'flat'. that is it would be such that a photon would travel from one end to the other without deviation from a straight path.  If, then, you placed a single atom at its 'center', the entire surface would distort.  Equilibrium would have been disturbed and the distortion would continue asymptotically toward zero from the point of intersection of the atom.  Every object having mass would produce the same effect, with variations caused by the amount of mass.  A 'black hole' then becomes that place where the amount of mass is so great that the 'surface' is drawn into a single point.  I will not speculate on the nature of the space within the collapsed area, save to note that the neutrinos therein would be compressed, and, acting as a superfluid, would expand the space. Since the space is uniformly curved, gravity would not manifest and the matter therein would expand to fill the void.  

    Meanwhile, back in the 'Normal' universe, there would be a component of gravity which is invisible to normal measure, that being the action of the 'force' over interstellar distances, coming from the tiniest bit of matter.  Since the distortion is in one direction, gravity would only be 'positive', with all distortions additive.  The 'black hole' then becomes necessary to the existence of a galaxy, since it creates a 'pit' in which the stars rotate uniformly about the central depression.  The expansion of the Universe then becomes a case of 'point of observation' with the farthest objects moving faster than the nearer ones, since the light from them left millions, or billions, of years ago, at a time when the expansion was more rapid.  It would become necessary to examine space itself, to see if the expansion was accelerating or constant.  Dark Matter and energy would not be needed to support this model, inasmuch as the state of the Universe would be determined by a force of gravity much more powerful than is now supposed.  (orders of magnitude at least)  The explanation of why we measure gravity as we do would then relate to the dilation of time, an object falling within a gravity well would appear to fall normally, but to an objective observer it would fall much more rapidly.  The distortion of space then becomes exponentially greater, so that space is highly distorted, even in the most 'empty' of regions, because of the distortion which bands outward from every single bit of matter.  It would mean that any observation of the cosmos would have to be adjusted for the 'bend' in space/time, because light would follow myriad distortions on its way from there to here.  While juxtaposition would not vary, the entire view would be 'wrong', and distant objects might be in completely different locations.  Cosmology would have to be adjusted to compensate for this.  Astrophysics would need to reevaluate almost every premise based on distant observations.  

    Having given the matter some thought, I'll just leave the research on Gravity to those who are doing it.  The line of reasoning I followed caused more of a headache than they do.

The Magic of Flight

MDH powered flightsuit

On the order of a disclaimer, while the following is factual, problems exist in the production of a wearable suit, with expandable wings that allows unfettered flight.  No such suit has ever, to my knowledge, been proposed.  If such a device were engineered, it would produce a soldier of legendary proportions, who could fly to and from battle, attack from the air,and due to the suit being fashioned of a graphene-boron nanocomposite, would be extremely hard to damage. The chitin matrix of graphene and boron, with added photovoltaic properties, (as described below) has not even been created, although the prerequisite substances exist.  So, if you want to create the 'next big thing' in warfare, please feel free to use this as a proposal. Just remember, an engineer or two is going to hate you very much for this undertaking.

    If you ionize air, using dielectric discharge plasma, it will function as a suitable fluid for an engine.  The magnetic fields can be supplied by superconducting magnets, thereby creating a 'bladeless' air movement system.  If the amount of air moved prove large enough, we have an aircraft who's actual engine has no moving parts and is powered electrically.

   In the presence of crossed electric and magnetic fields, charged particles in a plasma experience a drift in the  ${\bf E}\;\times \;{\bf B}$ direction. Their transport in the direction parallel to the electric field is hindered by their gyration around magnetic field lines, giving rise to classical collision-driven transport, proportional to  $1/{{B}^{2}}$., however, the fluid plasma description should ignore a (potentially large) contribution to the cross-field mobility, resulting from energy-position correlation of magnetized particles, along their gyro-orbits.  The dynamics of plasmas interacting with external and self-generated magnetic fields are studied in the academic discipline of magnetohydrodynamics.

  That being said, The physics equation describing Magnetohydrodynamic drive is Fmag = I (L × B) where L is the vector in the direction of the current 'I' and its length is the distance the current travels, B is the magnetic field, and × denotes the cross product.  MHD is attractive because it has no moving parts, which means that a good design might be silent, reliable, and efficient. Additionally, the MHD design eliminates many of the wear and friction pieces of the drivetrain with a directly driven propeller by an engine. By using surface dielectric barrier discharge, the microdischarges are generated on the surface of the dielectric, which results in a more homogeneous plasma than is achieved by other methods. With the advent of flexible conductors, (conducting yarn) it now becomes feasible to construct MHD air movers within the surface of an ultra-light wing, thereby allowing powered flight of a 'suit-like' environment.

    Air is an excellent insulator until it breaks down into plasma at electric field strengths above 30 kilovolts per centimeter. Once it becomes a plasma, like all gas plasma, for most purposes, the conductivity may be treated as infinite.  Systems are available that catalytically ionize air and emit an environmentally benign plasma stream.   A high-voltage low-current arc discharge in the transverse air flow of atmospheric pressure can be a source of strong non-isothermal plasma with a high level of ionization  The superconducting magnets catch the plasma as it expands. The plasma is caught by the electromagnetic fields. These fields, created by the magnetic coils, propel the plasma, so that the nozzle of the magnetic field generates a thrust and plasma is propelled away from the generator. This force will give an opposite but equal reaction propelling the wing surface. By orienting the nozzle effect above the wing, the air pressure there will drop and the pressure below the wing will create additional lift for the apparatus.

   High-energy electron beams represent the most energy-efficient way of creating ionization in cold gas. High-energy beam electrons collisionally ionize atoms and

molecules with very high probability, and secondary electrons would cause additional ionization. This creates a cascade of electrons is as the beam slows down in the gas.  The net effect is approximately one ionized molecule or atom for every Yi = 35 eV lost by the beam. This ionization cost is something like 2-3 times greater than the ionization energy of air molecules.  For high electron energies, ionization cross sections increase when the incident electron energy decreases, beams injected from the sidewall generate higher ionization inside the channel than near the wall. This means that the problem of short-circuiting through the hot, highly conductive, boundary layer, limiting performance of conventional MHD devices, is minimized in devices with electron beam ionization.  As it happens, plasmas with externally sustained ionization are inherently more stable than those of self-sustained non equilibrium discharges. This is because ionization generated by electron beams is essentially decoupled from both temperature and electric field.  If there be a local positive fluctuation in temperature, the kinds that leads to arcing instability in self-sustained discharges, it simply results in reduced ionization by electron beams and reduced local heating, stabilizing the plasma. If we use a Hall generator configuration, the plasma in both accelerator and power generator channels is consists of electrons, positive and negative ions.   plasma velocity  differs from the gas velocity  due to the ion slip effect.  Because of the quasi-neutrality, there is a single electron-ion, of plasma velocity, in the reference frame. Hall parameters in the boundary layer would be quite high (up to 30-50) impeding electron mobility across magnetic field and thereby substantially increasing the voltage required for breakdown and sustaining arcs  thermal ionization is negligible, and electrical conductivity is controlled by e-beams, as in the core flow.  If arcing should occur, for whatever reason, it would have less of an effect on the performance of Hall generators, where there already is a large longitudinal current, than on the performance of the Faraday channels currently used in MHD devices.   Use of a leading edge plasma, at high velocity, will increase the Hall effect, and thereby make the wing more efficient,  In addition, a leading edge plasma will reduce the drag on the unit, leading to a lower loading velocity for the wing.  This translates into rapid deployment and quick altitude attainment.  Inasmuch as the needed power is only that required to overcome the sink rate of the unit, the wing surface can be impregnated with a solar conversion fiber, which will provide some additional functionality to the wing itself.

    Synthesis of nanocrystalline CIGSSe and CZTSSe solar absorbers via highly scalable solution-based processes produces versatile nanoparticle inks that can be uniformly coated on almost any surface—including flexible substrates.

  A new nanotube fiber, with properties that don’t exist in any other material, that has a conducting fiber looking like black cotton thread but behaving like both metal wires and strong carbon fibers  has been invented.  With the use of this fiber, coated for photovoltaic production, and MHD technology, it should be possible to create a compact foldable wing system that allows flight for an individual over reasonably long distances without reliance on chemical fuel. The lowest weight lithium ion batteries, have a mass of 330 mg. A battery bank, rechargeable, with battery capacity of 300 Watt-hours, weighs only 5 pounds.  With photovoltaic assist, this unit could remain in the air for as long as needed.  The efficiency of these engines will be dependant on the exhaust velocity, since F=MA, that means the greater the velocity of the air,  the greater the acceleration at the same mass.  Air at high velocities produces more thrust than slower speeds for the same quantity of air. Exhaust velocities should exceed 100 m/sec for the tiny jets envisioned.

   As I have often said, no single person understands a computer, and more than that, I seriously doubt that there is anyone who even understands everything about even something that is considered ordinary,, a smart phone, an Ipad, or even a Kindle.  This having been said, what can we infer?
    The motion of charges and "Spaces", (the empty spaces left when a charge moves)  is at least partially governed by quantum superposition.  The movement of energy in a transistor is possibly multi dimensional.  A magician simply has to know that the exact structure and composition, from a sub-atomic viewpoint, cannot be known, not even for the most stable of items.  The more stable the substance, the harder it becomes to effect it.  This is why the myths and fables of magic always mention that 'cold iron' is proof against magic.  Magicians of ancient times who could work with cold iron were very rare, since it requires the most energy.  Exactly what those magicians could do, is the subject of speculation and possibly fantasy, since over the ensuing millennium the processes and methodology have been lost. 
   To say that what the ancients did and what we do constitute different methods is to forget that Sciencia was the word which led to Science, and was often used to refer to knowledge itself.  It was also often used to mean magic.  A magic spell was simply written instructions for a procedure.  Since almost no one could read, in ancient times, 'spells' were thought to be arcane in nature.(Even if it was simply a phylactery of the herbs needed to compile a  preparation useful for the task at hand.)  Since poisons and various natural drugs were often in the repertoire of a commercial magician (someone making a living from herbal knowledge and simple chemical processes) The books employed by him/her would be lumped together as all evil, and burned.  In this manner, much of the early experimentation was lost.  
   Legend has it that the Muslim conquest, when the followers of Muhammad went forth and slaughtered everyone not muslim, was a time when much of the knowledge accrued by Magicians was stolen or lost altogether.  Counting, the concept of zero, and what is now algebra have been accredited to Magus, but in legend only.  It is certain that advanced engineering was the property of the Magi, since it came to Leonardo da vinci and everyone knows what he did with it.  The Maga, (female Magicians) have long used advanced knowledge in clandestine ways, since women have been oppressed since before recorded civilization.  Magus and Maga come from the ancient Greek, and are handy labels because they're easily recognizable.  Methodios, the ancient Greek, who was either named for methodology or created it, was familiar with the work of Archimedes and may have assisted in the creation of some of the equipment used to repel the Romans for over a decade.  It is more of Legend that both were Magicians, or Magus, as were the "Eastern Kings" who came to the birth of Christ.  
    History records hints and suggestions of the "Order of Magicians" but no definitive proof of their existence can be provided.  Members of the Order will say that this is deliberate, since groups like the Magi were often persecuted by various governments and sometimes forbidden under pain of death. Whatever the truth, the organization exists today, and is devoted to knowledge, without preconception.  Stubblefield, Tesla, Jefferson, and even Franklin are among the names associated with the group, and Da Vinci, takes the trail backward.  
The ancient Magi may have been a hereditary priesthood of the Medes (known today as the Kurds) credited with profound and extraordinary religious knowledge. After some Magi, who had been attached to the Median court, proved to be expert in the interpretation of dreams, Darius the Great established them over the state religion of Persia. (Contrary to popular belief, the Magi were never all followers of Zoroaster. That was ascribed to them later.)  It was in this dual capacity, whereby civil and political counsel was invested with religious authority, that the Magi became the supreme priestly caste of the Persian empire and continued to be prominent during the subsequent Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian periods. Daniel, of Biblical Fame, was the Head of the Magi when the incident with the Lions Den occurred.
    When the disaster of the Persian empire occurred, the Magi learned that they needed to be clandestine, in order to survive. According to Wikipedia, "Many classic works of antiquity that might otherwise have been lost were translated into Arabic and Persian and later in turn translated into Turkish, Hebrew, and Latin.[5] They assimilated, synthesized, and advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, Chinese, Egyptian, and Phoenician civilizations.[5]"  This occurred during the Muslim Empire, when any knowledge that could be stolen, acquired by torture, or found in a book, was considered valuable and taken.  The Muslims were no worse nor better than any other fifth or sixth century empire, but the Magi eventually learned to avoid them because of the "Forced Conversion" doctrine.  
    Now that the history of the Magi has been explored, you will perhaps understand, gentle reader, why the term Magician is not precisely as you might have believed.  Magicians do not accept the standard rules of Science, such as the Standard Models which are used to provide a framework for current research.   My own current topic of exploration involves the existence of more than four 'normal' dimensions, (Time, Height, Width, Length)  which may co-exist with what we normally perceive.  The existence of multiple dimensions can be postulated using already existing data. Particles which appear to travel faster than light could be moving Trans-dimensionally, that is not through all of the space which we perceive.  Neutrinos, which should have no mass, may indeed be massless,, if they spin through multiple dimensions, and thus appear to change 'flavors' even though no actual change is occurring.  Some, or most, of the data which is ascribed to experimental error could also be accounted for by postulation of movement through multiple dimensions.  This possibility fascinates me, as it leads to a basic premise from what I already know.
   If there are multiple dimensions, and the mind is connected to space/time via quantum entanglement, then the action of neurons may be able to elicit a reaction in disassociated space that has a real effect on the fabric of space/time.   It then becomes possible to change the state of a particle without direct visible interaction.  If the practitioner is sufficiently skilled, a vast number of particles could be thus effected, causing some visible effect at a distance. (spooky action) Given that possibility magic becomes the manipulation of quantum states via the entanglement of the mind in the actual quantum matrix.  The more practice and knowledge gained the greater the effect, whether temperature, plasma generation, condensation, or simple motion.  Oddly enough these effects could be canceled by another person who was aware of their impending occurrence and acted to interfere. (IE: "Why can't you do it when I'm watching?"  -answer- "Because you're using your own power to stop me!" )
  This is as far as I will go in the description of Magic, what it is and the Power it represents.  It requires no belief, although belief can give you power, and it is independent of human interaction, even though we can perceive it only through interaction.  If you decide to explore it,,,good luck, the truth is out there.
    

VRay- (not x ray, or sunray or light ray or even cosmic ray)